The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.
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This paper proposes a graph-based approach to representing spatio-temporal trajectory data that allows an effective visualization and characterization of city-wide traffic dynamics. With the advance of sensor, mobile, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, vehicle and passenger trajectories are being increasingly collected on a massive scale and are becoming a critical source of insight into traffic pattern and traveller behaviour. To leverage such trajectory data to better understand traffic dynamics in a large-scale urban network, this study develops a trajectory-based network traffic analysis method that converts individual trajectory data into a sequence of graphs that evolve over time (known as dynamic graphs or time-evolving graphs) and analyses network-wide traffic patterns in terms of a compact and informative graph-representation of aggregated traffic flows. First, we partition the entire network into a set of cells based on the spatial distribution of data points in individual trajectories, where the cells represent spatial regions between which aggregated traffic flows can be measured. Next, dynamic flows of moving objects are represented as a time-evolving graph, where regions are graph vertices and flows between them are treated as weighted directed edges. Given a fixed set of vertices, edges can be inserted or removed at every time step depending on the presence of traffic flows between two regions at a given time window. Once a dynamic graph is built, we apply graph mining algorithms to detect change-points in time, which represent time points where the graph exhibits significant changes in its overall structure and, thus, correspond to change-points in city-wide mobility pattern throughout the day (e.g., global transition points between peak and off-peak periods).
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Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
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在同时定位和映射(SLAM)中,环路闭合检测(LCD)对于在识别先前访问的地方时最小化漂移至关重要。视觉袋(VBOW)一直是许多最先进的大满贯系统的LCD算法。它使用一组视觉功能来提供健壮的位置识别,但无法感知特征点之间的语义或空间关系。先前的工作主要集中在解决这些问题上,通过将VBOW与现场对象的语义和空间信息相结合。但是,他们无法利用局部视觉特征的空间信息,并且缺乏统一语义对象和视觉特征的结构,因此限制了两个组件之间的共生。本文提出了SymbiolCD2,该symbiolcd2创建了一个统一的图形结构,以在共生的方式集成语义对象和视觉特征。我们的新型基于图的LCD系统通过应用具有时间限制的Weisfeiler-Lehman图内核来利用统一的图结构,以稳健地预测循环闭合候选者。对所提出的系统的评估表明,具有结合语义对象和视觉特征的统一图结构提高了LCD预测精度,这说明了所提出的图形结构在这两个互补组件之间提供了强烈的共生。它还优于其他机器学习算法 - 例如SVM,决策树,随机森林,神经网络和基于GNN的图形匹配网络。此外,它在比最先进的SLAM系统的早期检测循环闭合候选方面表现出良好的性能,这表明统一图结构的扩展语义和空间意识会显着影响LCD的性能。
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我们开发了一种贝叶斯方法,以预测从具有多通道(即多维张量)结构的多个来源收集的数据的连续或二元结果。作为一个激励示例,我们将来自多个'Omics源的分子数据考虑在多个发育时间点上测量,作为恒河猴模型中早期铁缺乏症(ID)的预测指标。我们在系数上使用具有低级别结构的线性模型来捕获多路依赖性,并在每个源分别对系数的方差进行建模以推断其相对贡献。共轭先验促进了有效的吉布斯采样算法以进行后推理,假设有正常误差的连续结果或具有概率链接的二元结果。模拟表明,我们的模型在错误分类速率和估计系数与真实系数的相关性方面的性能如预期的,在考虑到不同来源的不同信号大小时,通过合并多路结构和适度的增长,可以通过稳定的性能增长。此外,它为我们的激励应用提供了可靠的ID猴子分类。以R代码形式的软件可在https://github.com/biostatskim/bayesmsmw上获得。
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最近显示外部眼睛照片显示出糖尿病性视网膜疾病和HBA1C升高的迹象。在本文中,我们评估外部眼睛照片是否包含有关其他系统性医疗状况的信息。我们开发了一个深度学习系统(DLS),该系统将外部眼睛的照片作为输入,并预测多个全身参数,例如与肝脏有关的参数(白蛋白,AST);肾脏(EGFR使用无种族的2021 CKD-EPI肌酐方程,尿液ACR);骨与矿物质(钙);甲状腺(TSH);和血数(HGB,WBC,血小板)。开发利用了49,015例糖尿病患者的151,237张图像,在加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县的11个地点接受糖尿病眼镜筛查。评估重点是9个预先指定的全身参数,并利用了3个验证集(a,b,c),涵盖了28,869名患有和没有糖尿病的患者,在加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县和大亚特兰大地区的3个独立地点进行了眼睛筛查。我们将结合了可用临床人口统计学变量的基线模型(例如年龄,性别,种族/种族,糖尿病年)进行了比较。相对于基线,DLS在检测AST> 36,钙<8.6,egfr <60,HGB <11,血小板<150,ACR> = 300和WBC <4时,在检测AST> 36,钙<8.6,Egfr <60,HGB <60,HGB <60,calcium <8.6,Egfr <60,calcium <8.6和wbc <4时,达到了统计学上的显着性能,并且类似于开发集的人口),其中DLS的AUC超过基线的AUC,增长了5.2-19.4%。在验证集B和C方面,与开发集相比,患者人群的差异很大,DLS的表现优于ACR> = 300的基线,而HGB <11升至7.3-13.2%。我们的发现提供了进一步的证据,表明外部眼睛照片包含跨越多器官系统的全身健康生物标志物。需要进一步的工作来研究这些生物标志物是否以及如何转化为临床影响。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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跨视图图像地理位置化通过将本地地面图像与高架卫星图像匹配而无需GPS,从而提供了代理的全局位置的估计。可靠地将地面图像与正确的卫星图像相匹配是具有挑战性的,因为这些图像具有显着的视点差异。现有的作品已经证明了在小区域的限制情景中的本地化,但尚未证明更广泛的定位。我们的方法称为广域地理定位(WAG),将神经网络与粒子过滤器相结合,以实现在GPS污染环境中移动的代理的全局位置估计,从而有效地扩展到城市尺度区域。 WAG引入了暹罗网络的三项损失函数,以稳健地匹配非中心的图像对,从而使较小的卫星图像数据库生成,从而使搜索区域的离散化。还提出了一种修改的粒子滤波器加权方案,以提高定位精度和收敛性。综上所述,WAG的网络训练和粒子滤清器加权方法达到了20米的阶段估计精度,与基线训练和加权方法相比,降低了98%。与文献的最新基线相比,WAG应用于较小的测试区域,将最终位置估计误差降低了64%。 WAG的搜索空间离散化可显着减少存储和处理要求。
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域适应(DA)最近在医学影像社区提出了强烈的兴趣。虽然已经提出了大量DA技术进行了用于图像分割,但大多数这些技术已经在私有数据集或小公共可用数据集上验证。此外,这些数据集主要解决了单级问题。为了解决这些限制,与第24届医学图像计算和计算机辅助干预(Miccai 2021)结合第24届国际会议组织交叉模态域适应(Crossmoda)挑战。 Crossmoda是无监督跨型号DA的第一个大型和多级基准。挑战的目标是分割参与前庭施瓦新瘤(VS)的后续和治疗规划的两个关键脑结构:VS和Cochleas。目前,使用对比度增强的T1(CET1)MRI进行VS患者的诊断和监测。然而,使用诸如高分辨率T2(HRT2)MRI的非对比度序列越来越感兴趣。因此,我们创建了一个无人监督的跨模型分段基准。训练集提供注释CET1(n = 105)和未配对的非注释的HRT2(n = 105)。目的是在测试集中提供的HRT2上自动对HRT2进行单侧VS和双侧耳蜗分割(n = 137)。共有16支球队提交了评估阶段的算法。顶级履行团队达成的表现水平非常高(最佳中位数骰子 - vs:88.4%; Cochleas:85.7%)并接近完全监督(中位数骰子 - vs:92.5%;耳蜗:87.7%)。所有顶级执行方法都使用图像到图像转换方法将源域图像转换为伪目标域图像。然后使用这些生成的图像和为源图像提供的手动注释进行培训分割网络。
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最近已被证明大型语言模型在各种任务集中获得合理的零射普通化(Brown等,2020)。它已经假设这是语言模型的隐式多任务学习的结果,在语言模型中的预押(Radford等,2019)。可以通过明确的多任务学习直接引起零拍常规化?为了以缩放测试这个问题,我们开发一个系统,以便轻松地将任何自然语言任务映射到人类可读的提示表单中。我们转换一组大量的监督数据集,每个数据集都有多个提示,具有不同的措辞。这些提示的数据集允许基准测试模型执行完全看不见的任务的能力。我们介绍了一个普拉克尔编码器 - 解码器模型(Raffel等,2020; Lester等,2021),覆盖各种任务。该模型在多个标准数据集中达到强大的零点性能,通常优于其尺寸的型号超过16倍。此外,我们的方法对来自Big-替补基准测试的任务子集具有强烈性能,优于其尺寸的6倍。所有提示和培训的型号都可以在https://github.com/ bigscience-workshop / protectsource / httpsource / https://huggingface.co/bigscience/t0pp。
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